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I keep a spreadsheet of all known Apple II Mockingboard software, both contemporary and modern titles. Kim sells the Mockingboard 4cs in batches on eBay. Apple solved this problem using a single port on the back of the computer into which the user could plug an adaptor for any given cabling system. Adoption of this standard avoids the need to fabricate custom splitters to connect two sets of bus wires to a single D connector at each node. Such nonstandard (custom) wire harnesses (splitters) that join conductors outside the node reduce bus reliability, eliminate cable interchangeability, reduce compatibility of wiring harnesses, and increase cost. The electrical aspects of the physical layer (voltage, current, number of conductors) were specified in ISO 11898-2:2003, which is now widely accepted. I've suggested not soldering R40-R55 until now. By doing this, you can achieve better separation between your effects, but it also allows them to work together more harmoniously in some cases.

In those cases I don't want to have to cut and re-splice wires so I went with the installation of DB15 connectors. It keeps the wires in place together, and it enables the wires to be held more easily in the chuck of the drill. Reduces radiation and pick-up: By twisting wires together, the electric and magnetic fields from them will cancel, assuming they are signal and return. All fields in the frame are stuffed with the exception of the CRC delimiter, ACK field and end of frame which are a fixed size and are not stuffed. The only difference between the two formats is that the CAN base frame supports a length of 11 bits for the identifier, and the CAN extended frame supports a length of 29 bits for the identifier, made up of the 11-bit identifier (base identifier) and an 18-bit extension (identifier extension). The following second field is the ERROR DELIMITER (8 recessive bits). Overload Delimiter consists of eight recessive bits. Each node that receives the frame, without finding an error, transmits a dominant level in the ACK slot and thus overrides the recessive level of the transmitter. ISO 11898-2 provides some immunity to common mode voltage between transmitter and receiver by having a 0 V rail running along the bus to maintain a high degree of voltage association between the nodes.

This resynchronization process is done continuously at every recessive to dominant transition to ensure the transmitter and receiver stay in sync. The distinction between CAN base frame format and CAN extended frame format is made by using the IDE bit, which is transmitted as dominant in case of an 11-bit frame, and transmitted as recessive in case of a 29-bit frame. A receiving node may transmit a recessive to indicate that it did not receive a valid frame, but another node that did receive a valid frame may override this with a dominant. During a recessive state, the signal lines and resistor(s) remain in a high-impedance state with respect to both rails. During a dominant state, the signal lines and resistor(s) move to a low-impedance state with respect to the rails so that current flows through the resistor. CAN− tend (weakly) towards a voltage midway between the rails. Voltage sent over the pins can be in one of two states, On or Off. The thinking is that a female connector or socket is harder to short accidentally than a plug where the pins may be accessible.

However, the mechanical aspects of the physical layer (connector type and number, colors, labels, pin-outs) have yet to be formally specified. In the early 1990s, the choice of IDs for messages was done simply on the basis of identifying the type of data and the sending node; however, as the ID is also used as the message priority, this led to poor real-time performance. However, if IDs are instead determined based on the deadline of the message, the lower the numerical ID and hence the higher the message priority, then bus use of 70 to 80% can typically be achieved before any message deadlines are missed. CAN bus (ISO 11898-1:2003) originally specified the link layer protocol with only abstract requirements for the physical layer, e.g., asserting the use of a medium with multiple-access at the bit level through the use of dominant and recessive states. A recessive state is present on the bus only when none of the transmitters on the bus is asserting a dominant state.

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